Publications

Authors: M. Stefanelli, L. Vesce, A. Di Carlo

Journal: Nanomaterials, 2023, 13 (2), 313

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13020313

Published Date: January, 2023

Open Access

Article Type: Review

Abstract: Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) and modules are driving the energy revolution in the coming photovoltaic field. In the last 10 years, PSCs reached efficiency close to the silicon photovoltaic technology by adopting low-cost solution processes. Despite this, the noble metal (such as gold and silver) used in PSCs as a counter electrode made these devices costly in terms of energy, CO₂ footprint, and materials. Carbon-based perovskite solar cells (C-PSCs) and modules use graphite/carbon-black-based material as the counter electrode. The formulation of low-cost carbon-based inks and pastes makes them suitable for large area coating techniques and hence a solid technology for imminent industrialization. Here, we want to present the upscaling routes of carbon-counter-electrode-based module devices in terms of materials formulation, architectures, and manufacturing processes in order to give a clear vision of the scaling route and encourage the research in this green and sustainable direction.

Authors:  L. Vesce

Journal: Energies, 2023, 16 (1), 425

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/en16010425

Open Access

Published Date: January, 2023

Article Type: Editorial

Abstract: Photovoltaic (PV) technology is the symbol of a sustainable future in many countries around the globe [1]. As a result, numerous investments have been made in research, development, demonstrations, and production lines. No other renewable technology has received such strong appreciation from the public, or in politics and industry. New technologies have paved the way for new materials, products, and additional market segments [2,3]. Engineering, nanoscience, nanotechnology, and surface science have contributed to introducing new materials and customized processes for solar technology. In recent decades, many research institutes, companies, and consortia have demonstrated that the new concept of solar cell technology can achieve high performance, large application areas, and industrialization. Different types of solar devices exist among the third-generation PVs that have recently emerged [3,4], and their benefits and issues have been exhibited in various studies: dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC) [5,6], hybrid and organic solar cells [7], quantum dot solar cells [8], and perovskite (PVSK) solar cells (PSC) [9,10].

Authors: S.P. Feng, Y. Cheng, H.L. Yip, Y. Zhong, P.W.K. Fong, G. Li, A. Ng, C. Chen, L.A. Castriotta, F. Matteocci, L. Vesce, D. Saranin, A. Di Carlo, et al.

Journal: JPhys Materials, 2023, 6, 032501

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/2515-7639/acc893

Open Access

Published Date: March, 2023

Article Type: Review

Abstract: Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) represent one of the most promising emerging photovoltaic technologies due to their high power conversion efficiency. However, despite the huge progress made not only in terms of the efficiency achieved, but also fundamental understanding of the relevant physics of the devices and issues which affect their efficiency and stability, there are still unresolved problems and obstacles on the path toward commercialization of this promising technology. In this roadmap, we aim to provide a concise and up to date summary of outstanding issues and challenges, and the progress made toward addressing these issues. While the format of this article is not meant to be a comprehensive review of the topic, it provides a collection of the viewpoints of the experts in the field, which covers a broad range of topics related to PSC commercialization, including those relevant for manufacturing (scaling up, different types of devices), operation and stability (various factors), and environmental issues (in particular the use of lead). We hope that the article will provide a useful resource for researchers in the field and that it will facilitate discussions and move forward toward addressing the outstanding challenges in this fast-developing field.

Authors: L. Vesce, M. Stefanelli, A. Di Carlo

Journal: Materials Proceedings, 2023, 14 (1), 29

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/IOCN2023-14539

Open Access

Published Date: May, 2023

Article Type: Proceeding Paper

Abstract: Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) and modules are driving the energy revolution in the coming photovoltaic field. In the last 10 years, PSCs reached efficiency close to the silicon photovoltaic technology by adopting low-cost solution processes. Despite this, the noble metal (such as gold and silver) used in PSCs as a counter electrode made these devices costly in terms of energy, CO₂ footprint, and materials. Carbon-based perovskite solar cells (C-PSCs) and modules use graphite/carbon-black-based material as the counter electrode. The formulation of low-cost carbon-based inks and pastes makes them suitable for large area coating techniques and hence a solid technology for imminent industrialization. Here, we want to present the upscaling routes of carbon-counter-electrode-based module devices in terms of materials formulation, architectures, and manufacturing processes in order to give a clear vision of the scaling route and encourage the research in this green and sustainable direction.

Authors: L. Vesce, M. Stefanelli, H. Nikbakht A. Di Carlo

Journal: Engineering Proceedings, 2023, 37 (1), 29

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ECP2023-14721

Open Access

Published Date: May, 2023

Article Type: Proceeding Paper

Abstract: In less than a decade, Perovskite solar cell (PSC) technology has gained high efficiency and broad attention because of its key enabling physical and morphological features. One of the main obstacles to PSC industrialization and commercialization is managed with the demonstration of stable devices by adopting low-cost, reliable materials and fabrication process methods. Here, we report a Perovskite solar module based on a low-temperature carbon electrode. The full process was performed in ambient air and engineered by printing techniques.

Authors: M. Pitaro, J. Sebastian Alonso, L. Di Mario, D. G. Romero, K. Tran, T. Zaharia, M. B. Johansson, E. M. J. Johansson, M. A. Loi

Journal: Journal Material Chemistry A, 2023, 11 (22), 11755-11766

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/D3TA01276J

Open Access

Published Date: May, 2023

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Mixed tin/lead (Sn/Pb) perovskites have the potential to achieve higher performances in single junction solar cells compared to Pb-based compounds. The best Sn/Pb based devices are fabricated in a p-i-n structure, and PEDOT:PSS is frequently utilized as the hole transport layer, even if there are many doubts on a possible detrimental role of this conductive polymer. Here, we propose the use of [2-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)ethyl]phosphonic acid (2PACz) and [2-(3, 6-dibromo-9H-carbazol-9-yl) ethyl] phosphonic acid (Br-2PACz) as substitutes for PEDOT:PSS. By using Cs_0.25FA_0.75Sn_0.5Pb_0.5I₃ as the active layer, we obtained record efficiencies as high as 19.51% on Br-2PACz, while 18.44% and 16.33% efficiencies were obtained using 2PACz and PEDOT:PSS, respectively. In addition, the implemented monolayers enhance both the shelf lifetime of the device as well as the operational stability. Finally, the Br-2PACz-based devices maintained 80% of their initial efficiency under continuous illumination for 230 h, and after being stored in a N₂ atmosphere for 4224 h (176 days).

Authors: M. Harth, L. Vesce, I Kouroudis, M. Stefanelli, A. Di Carlo, A. Gagliardi

Journal: Solar Energy, 2023, 262, 111840

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2023.111840

Open Access

Published Date: July, 2023

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: We present our research for fast and reliable extraction of bandgap and absorption quality values for triple-cation perovskite thin films from sample scans. Our approach leverages machine learning methods, namely convolutional neural networks, to perform regression tasks aimed at predicting the properties of interest. To this end, thin film samples were synthesized via blade-coating and their photoluminescence and ultraviolet–visible spectra collected, along with the film thickness. We propose a method of computing a dimensionless figure of merit we called the Area Under Absorption Coefficient (AUAC), its purpose being to qualitatively evaluate the absorption quality of perovskite films for use in photovoltaic modules. This work demonstrates the usability of simple imaging techniques to analyze experimental samples while requiring only a feasibly acquirable initial amount of data. Our reported method can help speed up time consuming material optimizations by reducing lab time spent on recurrent characterization, nicely synergizes with high throughput production lines and could be adapted for quick extraction of other optoelectrical quantities.

Authors: X. Liu, B. Ding, M. Han, Z. Yang, J. Chen, P. Shi, X. Xue, R. Ghadari, X. Zhang, R. Wang, K. Brooks, L. Tao, S. Kinge, S. Dai, J. Sheng, P. J. Dyson, M. K. Nazeeruddin, Y. Ding

Journal: Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 2023, e202304350

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202304350

Open Access

Published Date: May, 2023

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Hole transport materials (HTMs) are a key component of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). The small molecular 2,2′,7,7′-tetrakis(N,N-di-p-methoxyphenyl)-amine-9,9′-spirobifluorene (spiro-OMeTAD, termed “Spiro”) is the most successful HTM used in PSCs, but its versatility is imperfect. To improve its performance, we developed a novel spiro-type HTM (termed “DP”) by substituting four anisole units on Spiro with 4-methoxybiphenyl moieties. By extending the π-conjugation of Spiro in this way, the HOMO level of the HTM matches well with the perovskite valence band, enhancing hole mobility and increasing the glass transition temperature. DP-based PSC achieves high power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of 25.24 % for small-area (0.06 cm²) devices and 21.86 % for modules (designated area of 27.56 cm²), along with the certified efficiency of 21.78 % on a designated area of 27.86 cm². The encapsulated DP-based devices maintain 95.1 % of the initial performance under ISOS-L-1 conditions after 2560 hours and 87 % at the ISOS-L-3 conditions over 600 hours.

Authors: L. Vesce, M. Stefanelli, F. Rossi, L. A. Castriotta, R. Basosi, L. Parisi, A. Sinicropi, A. Di Carlo

Journal: Progress in Photovoltaics Res Appl. 2023; 1–15

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/pip.3741

Open Access

Published Date: November, 2023

Article Type: Review

Abstract: The efficiency gap between perovskite (PVSK) solar sub-modules (size ≥200 cm²) and lab scale cells (size ˂1 cm²) is up to 36%. Moreover, the few attempts present in the literature used lab-scale techniques in a glove-box environment, reducing its compatibility for further product industrialization. Here, we report a PVSK sub-module (total area 320 cm², aperture area 201 cm², 93% geometrical fill factor [GFF]) fabricated in ambient air by hybrid meniscus coating techniques assisted by air and green antisolvent quenching method. To suppress nonradiative recombination losses, improve carrier extraction and control the PVSK growth on such a large surface, we adopted phenethylammonium iodide (PEAI) passivation and PVSK solvent addiction strategies. The high homogeneous and reproducible layers guarantee an efficiency of 16.13% (7% losses with respect to the small area cell and zero losses with respect to the mini-modules) and a stability of more than 3000 h according to International Summit on Organic PV Stability, dark storage/shelf life in ambient (ISOS-D-1). The sustainability of used methods and materials is demonstrated by the life cycle assessment. The scale-up operation allows for strong impact mitigation in all the environmental categories and more efficient consumption of the resources. Finally, the economic assessment shows a strong cost reduction scaling from mini- to sub-module (about 40%).

Authors: Lijun Chen, Eelco Kinsa Tekelenburg, Kushagra Gahlot Matteo Pitaro, Jun Xi, Alessia Lasorsa, Giovanna Feraco, Loredana Protesescu, Patrick C. A. van der Wel, Giuseppe Portale, Petra Rudolf, Christoph J. Brabec and Maria Antonietta Loi

Journal: Energy Environ. Sci., 2023, Advance Article

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/D3EE02507A

Open Access

Published Date: October, 2023

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Lead–tin (Pb–Sn) perovskites are a highly promising composition for single-junction and all-perovskite tandem solar cells due to their narrower bandgap and reduced toxicity. While the use of quasi-two-dimensional (quasi-2D) Ruddlesden–Popper phases has resulted in superior stability towards the environment and large improvement in the crystallization with respect to the 3D compositions, very little work has been done towards their deposition with scalable techniques. Here, PEA₂(FA_0.5MA_0.5)₄(Pb_0.5Sn_0.5)₅I₁₆ (n = 5) with a gradient structure is successfully prepared for the first time via a two-step blade coating. Perovskite films which are treated with tin(II) acetate (SnAc₂) along with N,N-dimethylselenourea (DMS) exhibit a reduced number of surface traps and enhanced surface crystallization, owing to the in situ formation of tin selenide (SnSe). Record devices with power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 15.06%, an open circuit voltage (V_OC) of 0.855 V, and negligible hysteresis are obtained. More importantly, the hydrophobic SnSe significantly protects the active layer from the environment. These devices retain 91% of the original PCE after 10 days in ambient air (30–40% humidity) without encapsulation, and almost no degradation of the PCE is detected after over a month of storage in an inert atmosphere, and under continuous MPP tracking for 15 hours.

 

Authors: F. Rossi, L. Rotondi, M. Stefanelli, A. Sinicropi, L. Vesce, M.L.Parisi

Journal: EPJ Photovoltaics 15, 20 (2024)

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/epjpv/2024014

Open Access

Published Date: April, 2024

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Sustainable energy production is one of the major goals for society to address climate change, with the aim of reducing fossil fuel consumption and greenhouse gases emissions. One of the main alternatives to burning fossil fuels is solar energy conversion; therefore, scientific research has moved towards the development of photovoltaic devices that are able to harvest solar radiation and convert it into electric energy, such as perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Several production processes for PSCs exist, differing in the deposition technique of PSCs layers as well as energy and material consumption. One of the main challenges is then to minimize the environmental impact of PSC manufacturing, which can be assessed through Life Cycle Assessment. The aim of this work is to evaluate and compare the eco-profiles of four different PSC production line at mini-module scale, namely, Spin Coating, Blade Coating, Spin Coating + Press and Blade Coating in Glovebox. Results disfavour the latter manufacturing route, showing that its burden is higher than the alternatives. Differently, the Blade Coating process results to be the one having the lowest environmental impact among the proposed solutions, whereas Spin Coating and Spin Coating + Press lines show almost the similar intermediate result.

Authors: Jorge Martins, Marta Pereira, Seyedali Emami, Dzmitry Ivanou and Adélio Mendes

Journal: Energy Advances

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/D3YA00476G

Open Access

Published Date: December, 2023

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) and perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are photovoltaic (PV) technologies that originally utilized precious metals like gold, silver, and platinum as counter-electrodes. Carbon materials are a low-cost alternative to traditional metal counter-electrodes in monolithic-DSSCs (M-DSSCs) and PSCs. However, the drawback of carbon-based counter-electrodes is that they often show a low electronic conductivity, which hinders the scale-up of these PV technologies. This study proposes using decal Ni-mesh produced through simple and scalable photolithography-assisted electroplating. The Ni-mesh is incorporated into the carbon layer to improve the counter-electrode conductivity in large-area M-DSSCs and PSCs. Carbon-counter electrodes embedded with Ni-mesh enhance the performance of M-DSSCs and PSCs by 132% and 41%, respectively. Impedance spectroscopy study shows that the embedded Ni-mesh effectively reduces the series resistance of the devices by half, leading to an enhancement in their overall performance.

Authors: B. Yang, J. Suo, D. Bogachuk, W. Kaiser, C. Baretzky, O. Er-Raji, G. Loukeris, A. A. Alothman, E. Mosconi, M. Kohlstädt, U. Würfel, F. De Agelis, A. Hagfeldt

Journal: Energy & Environmental Science

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1039/D3EE02344C

Open Access

Published Date: January, 2024

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Chemical environment and precursor-coordinating molecular interactions within a perovskite precursor solution can lead to important implications in structural defects and crystallization kinetics of a perovskite film. Thus, the opto-electronic quality of such films can be boosted by carefully fine-tuning the coordination chemistry of perovskite precursors via controllable introduction of additives, capable of forming intermediate complexes. In this work, we employed a new type of ligand, namely 1-phenylguanidine (PGua), which coordinates strongly with the PbI2 complexes in the perovskite precursor, forming new intermediate species. These strong interactions effectively retard the perovskite crystallization process and form homogeneous films with enlarged grain sizes and reduced density of defects. In combination with an interfacial treatment, the resulted champion devices exhibit a 24.6% efficiency with outstanding operational stability. Unprecedently, PGua can be applied in various PSCs with different perovskite compositions and even in both configurations: n–i–p and p–i–n, highlighting the universality of this ligand.

Authors: L. A. Castriotta, M. Stefanelli, L. Vesce, E. Magliano, E. Leonardi, F. Di Giacomo, H. Nikbakht, L. Serenelli, L. Martini, F. Menchini, F. Matteocci, M. Tucci, A. Di Carlo

Journal: IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOTOV.2024.3377190

Open Access

Published Date: April, 2024

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Perovskite technology has been advancing at unprecedented levels over the past years, with efficiencies reaching up to 26.1%. State-of-the-art results are obtained on a very small area scale (<0.1 cm²), by adopting high materials wasting processes not compatible with industry and with market exploitation. Silicon is a well-established technology and one of the advantages of perovskite is its ability to pair with silicon forming a tandem device that extracts charges reducing transmission and thermalization losses. In this work, we focused on finding a strategy to fabricate 15.2 × 15.2 cm² perovskite modules by using blade/slot-die coating and avoiding any spin coating deposition. Furthermore, we optimized the indium tin oxide top electrode deposition by adjusting the sputtering process and buffer layer deposition; finally, we focused on light management by applying an antireflective coating. We obtained a semitransparent and a tandem silicon–perovskite module in a four-terminal (4T) configuration over 225 cm² (4T configuration) with 13.18% and 20.91% efficiency, respectively, passing International Summit on Organic PV Stability ISOS-L1 (under continuous light soaking in the air) test with a remarkable T₈₀ of 1459 h.

Authors: J. Suo, B. Yang, D. Bogachuk, G. Boschloo, A. Hagfeldt

Journal: Advanced Energy Materials

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202400205

Open Access

Published Date: March, 2024

Article Type: Review

Abstract: Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) hold significant promise as the next-generation materials in photovoltaic markets, owing to their ability to achieve impressive power conversion efficiencies, streamlined fabrication processes, cost-effective manufacturing, and numerous other advantages. The utilization of self-assembled monolayer (SAM) molecules has proven to be a significant success in enhancing device efficiency and extending device stability. This review highlights the dual use of SAM molecules in the realm of PSCs, which can not only serve as charge transport materials but also act as interfacial modulators. These research endeavors encompass a wide range of applications for various SAM molecules in both n-i-p and p-i-n structured PSCs, providing a deep insight into the underlying mechanisms. Furthermore, this review proposes current research challenges for future investigations into SAM materials. This timely and thorough review seeks to provide direction and inspiration for current research efforts dedicated to the ongoing incorporation of SAMs in the field of perovskite photovoltaics.

Authors: Paolo Mariani, Miguel Ángel Molina-García, Jessica Barichello, Marilena Isabella Zappia, Erica Magliano, Luigi Angelo Castriotta, Luca Gabatel, Sanjay Balkrishna Thorat, Antonio Esaú Del Rio Castillo, Filippo Drago, Enrico Leonardi, Sara Pescetelli, Luigi Vesce, Francesco Di Giacomo, Fabio Matteocci, Antonio Agresti, Nicole De Giorgi, Sebastiano Bellani, Aldo Di Carlo & Francesco Bonaccorso

Journal: Nature Communications

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-48877-y

Open Access

Published Date: May, 2024

Article Type: Review

Abstract: Perovskite solar cells promise to be part of the future portfolio of photovoltaic technologies, but their instability is slow down their commercialization. Major stability assessments have been recently achieved but reliable accelerated ageing tests on beyond small-area cells are still poor. Here, we report an industrial encapsulation process based on the lamination of highly viscoelastic semi-solid/highly viscous liquid adhesive atop the perovskite solar cells and modules. Our encapsulant reduces the thermomechanical stresses at the encapsulant/rear electrode interface. The addition of thermally conductive two-dimensional hexagonal boron nitride into the polymeric matrix improves the barrier and thermal management properties of the encapsulant. Without any edge sealant, encapsulated devices withstood multifaceted accelerated ageing tests, retaining >80% of their initial efficiency. Our encapsulation is applicable to the most established cell configurations (direct/inverted, mesoscopic/planar), even with temperature-sensitive materials, and extended to semi-transparent cells for building-integrated photovoltaics and Internet of Things systems.

Authors: Lukas Wagner, Jiajia Suo, Bowen Yang, Dmitry Bogachuk, Estelle Gervais, Robert Pietzcker, Andrea Gassmann, Jan Christoph Goldschmidt

Journal: Joule

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2024.01.024

Open Access

Published Date: February, 2024

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Photovoltaics (PV) and wind are the most important energy-conversion technologies for cost-efficient climate change mitigation. To reach international climate goals, the annual PV module production must be expanded to multi-terawatt (TW) scale. Economic and resource restraints demand the implementation of cost-efficient multi-junction technologies, for which perovskite-based tandem technologies are highly promising. In this work, the resource demand of the emerging perovskite PV technology is investigated, considering two factors of supply criticality, namely, mining capacity for minerals and the production capacity for synthetic materials. Overall, the expansion of perovskite PV to a multi-TW scale may not be limited by material supply if certain materials, especially indium, can be replaced. Moreover, organic charge-transport materials face currently unresolved scalability challenges. This study demonstrates that, besides the improvement of efficiency and stability, perovskite PV research and development also need to be guided by sustainable materials choices and design-for-recycling considerations.

Authors: J. Suo, B. Yang, E. Mosconi, D. Bogachuk, T. A. S. Doherty, K. Frohna, D. J. Kubicki, F. Fu, Y. Kim, O. Er-Raji, T. Zhang, L. Baldinelli, L. Wagner, A. N. Tiwari, F. Gao, A. Hinsch, S. D. Stranks, F. De Angelis, A. Hagfeldt

Journal: Nature Energy

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-023-01421-6

Open Access

Published Date: January, 2024

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The stabilization of grain boundaries and surfaces of the perovskite layer is critical to extend the durability of perovskite solar cells. Here we introduced a sulfonium-based molecule, dimethylphenethylsulfonium iodide (DMPESI), for the post-deposition treatment of formamidinium lead iodide perovskite films. The treated films show improved stability upon light soaking and remains in the black α phase after two years ageing under ambient condition without encapsulation. The DMPESI-treated perovskite solar cells show less than 1% performance loss after more than 4,500 h at maximum power point tracking, yielding a theoretical T₈₀ of over nine years under continuous 1-sun illumination. The solar cells also display less than 5% power conversion efficiency drops under various ageing conditions, including 100 thermal cycles between 25 °C and 85 °C and an 1,050-h damp heat test.

Authors: L. Vesce, Z. Abbas, M. Stefanelli, S. Podapangi, H. Nikbakht, A. Di Carlo

Journal: 2024 IEEE International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering and 2024 IEEE Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Europe (EEEIC / I&CPS Europe)

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1109/EEEIC/ICPSEurope61470.2024.10750973

Open Access

Published Date: November, 2024

Article Type: Conference Proceedings

Abstract: In recent years, there has been growing interest among researchers in the development of photovoltaic (PV) cells specifically tailored for harvesting low-intensity diffused indoor light energy. A variety of PV materials have been utilized thus far in the quest to create efficient solar cells suitable for indoor applications. Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) can operate effectively under low-level injection conditions, such as low-light. Besides, carbon electrode gathered huge attention to substitute the instable and high-cost gold counter-electrode. Here, we present a PSC with carbon counter electrode formed by a lamination method with an efficiency close to 20% at indoor illumination. The hot-pressing method helps to enhance the conductivity of the carbon film and to improve the interfacial contact with the hole transporting layer. Moreover, the lamination protocol is compatible with the scaling-up of the PSC production.

Authors: N. Lago, F. Moretti, N. Tormena, A. Caria, M. Buffolo, C. De Santi, N. Trivellin, A. Cester, G. Meneghesso, E. Zanoni, M. Meneghini, F. Matteocci, J. Barichello, L. Vesce, A. Di Carlo, F. Quartiani

Journal: Photonics

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics11090880

Open Access

Published Date: September, 2024

Article Type: Communication

Abstract: The mass production of photovoltaic (PV) devices requires fast and reliable characterization methods and equipment. PV manufacturers produce a complete module roughly every 20 s, and the electrical performance assessment is typically completed in less than 1 s. Times are even more stringent during cell manufacturing. To be competitive in the PV market, perovskite solar cells and modules aim to the same target, i.e., fast and reliable quality assessment. This communication report discusses the limit of characterizing the current perovskite technology. Standard current vs voltage measurements are compared to maximum power point tracking (MPPT), and a fast MPPT procedure is developed to meet the highly demand standard for quality control in the industry of PV production.

Authors: M. Stefanelli, S. Ternes, L. Vesce, M. Balucani, A. Di Carlo

Journal: 41st European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition (EU PVSEC) 2024

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.4229/EUPVSEC2024/2CV.3.33

Open Access

Published Date: September, 2024

Article Type: Conference Proceedings

Abstract: During the last 15 years, perovskite (PVK) photovoltaics (PVs) attained immense progress in single junction devices and, nowadays, spearhead the development of commercially viable 2-T tandem devices. This achievement became possible due to the exceptional properties of this material class, permitting not only power conversion efficiencies beyond 26%, but also low-cost fabrication from solution by common printing techniques. A wide consensus of researchers and technologist is reached, considering perovskite semiconductors feasible for industrial-scale fabrication alongside the well-establish silicon technology. While laboratory-scale work enabled fast material screening, characterization and process analysis, the transfer of the technology to industry is often not sufficiently treated. Most likely, in situ quality assessment is needed to ensure stable output for failure analysis early in the device fabrication. Here, we present a unique toolkit for simulating industrial conditions by employing a fully automated slot-die coater, sample handling, gas quenching as well as in situ characterization. We succeed in re-creating conditions of high-throughput industrial fabrication in a model box of about 10 m^3 under ambient atmosphere. Using the model box, we can investigate the feasibility of large-scale perovskite fabrication in a very cost-effective manner, identifying possible failure modes and predicting fabrication yield in a close-to-realistic model environment.

Authors: L. Vesce, K. Pandurangan, M. Stefanelli, E. Iannibelli, H. Nikbakht, M. L. Parisi, A. Sinicropi, A. Di Carlo

Journal: 41st European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition (EU PVSEC) 2024

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.4229/EUPVSEC2024/2DO.8.4

Open Access

Published Date: September, 2024

Article Type: Conference Proceedings

Abstract: In few years, the perovskite (PVSK) solar technology reached high efficiency on lab scale cells. The upscaling of PVSK photovoltaic (PV) technology from small area cells (PSCs) to modules, and the related industrial and economical transition, is achievable by scalable and low-cost manufacturing processes/materials and module design/interconnection patterning. Carbon-based PSCs are attracting attention because of low-cost, durability and printability (high throughput), but few works are present about modules. On the other hand, the most efficient and stable FAPI PVSK is mainly deposited by different techniques with a gold counter-electrode. Here, we changed the paradigm by optimizing the materials composition, by blade coating the full stack out of glove-box. The laser ablation strategy in combination with printing techniques were adopted to fabricate a fully printed module (preliminary prototype). We got 20.8%, 15% and 13.2% efficiency on gold- and carbon-based cells (0.5 cm2), and carbon-based module, respectively.

Authors: R. Keshavarzi, F. Hajisharifi, Z. Saki, M. Omrani, R. Sheibani, N. Afzali, M. Abdi-Jalebi, L. Vesce, A. Di Carlo

Journal: Nano Today

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nantod.2024.102600

Open Access

Published Date: December, 2024

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: In recent times, organic and perovskite solar cells (OSCs and PSCs) has garnered considerable attention due to the rapid advancement of their impressive photovoltaic performance, achieving power conversion efficiencies exceeding 19 % and 26 %, respectively. Various industrially scalable methods such as blade coating, spray coating, and slot-die coating have been employed to manufacture these promising solar cells, yet the efficiency of devices produced by these methods tends to be lower than those prepared in laboratory scales. To create pinhole-free and high-quality active layer in scalable devices, controlling the crystallization process is required. Therefore, the quality of the active layers plays a pivotal role in constructing efficient and stable solar cells. Among the scalable methods, the slot-die coating method is emerged as particularly attractive for large-scale and cost-effective production of both OSCs and PSCs. Thus, in the current work, we present the strategies to control the morphology of organic and perovskite films prepared by slot-die coating method, such as drying conditions, precursor engineering, solvent engineering, surface modification, and additive engineering, temperature controlling, sequential processing, and ternary blends. Also, the effect of slot-die-coated charge trasportlayers on the OSC and PSC efficiencies and stabilities has been investigatedtransport. Finally, the challenges and potential of commercialization of these promising solar cells, improving their efficiency, quality, and sustainability in the future, are discussed.

Authors: H. Nikbakht, P. Mariani, L. Vesce, F. Di Giacomo, E. Leonardi, G. Viskadouros, E. Spiliarotis, K. Rogdakis, S. Pescetelli, A. Agresti, S. Bellani, F. Bonaccorso, E. Kymakis, A. Di Carlo

Journal: Advanced Science

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202416316

Open Access

Published Date: April, 2025

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This study tackles the challenge of upscaling perovskite solar modules (PSMs) to attain high power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) suitable for industrial applications. Through systematic experimentation, a remarkable PCE of 17.68% for PSMs fabricated on a substrate with dimensions of 15.6 cm×15.6 cm is achieved. By refining the cell interconnection design, a geometric fill factor (GFF) of 96.4% is obtained, marking a significant milestone in bridging the performance gap between individual cells and modules. Building on this success, it is fabricated and tested large-area perovskite solar panels (PSPs) with an area of 0.73 m2, integrating the optimized PSMs. This work not only demonstrates the feasibility of large-scale perovskite-based photovoltaic systems but also sets a new benchmark for the PCE and scalability of these technologies, paving the way for their practical application in renewable energy generation.

Authors:L. Chen, F. Tavormina, L. D. Mario, M. Pitaro, G. Portale, N. Masciocchi, A. Guagliardi, M. A. Loi

Journal: Advanced Energy Materials

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202405941

Open Access

Published Date: May, 2025

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Hybrid lead-tin (Pb-Sn) perovskites have emerged as a promising avenue for photovoltaic technology with reduced toxicity and optimized bandgap. However, scaling up Pb-Sn perovskite solar cells (PSCs) from laboratory to industrial scale involves tackling challenges associated with scalable preparation technologies and the sustainability of solvents, the latter representing by far the major component of the reactant mixture(s). Here, innovative low-toxic solvent mixtures are proposed for a two-step blade-coating deposition process of the active perovskite layer: initially, diethylformamide (DEF) and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) (in 9:1 volume ratio), for processing the inorganic components of hybrid Pb-Sn perovskites (first step); then, in a second step, isopropanol (IPA) and 2-methyl-2-butanol (2M2B) (in 3:2 volume ratio) for the organic components, promoting the diffusion of the organic cation and the full precursor conversion to perovskite. Employing this low-toxic solvent engineering, low-D/3D Pb-Sn perovskites are successfully prepared with a champion power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 14.2%. Additionally, the devices prepared with both solvent systems retain more than 90% of their initial PCE after storage under an inert atmosphere for ≈2 months. This study represents a significant step toward understanding industrial viability, where not only efficiency but also sustainability of the production process should be considered.

Authors: F. L. de Araujo, M. Stefanelli, A. Agresti, S. Pescetelli, A. De Vito, M. Auf Der Maur, L. Vesce, A. F. Nogueira, A. Di Carlo

Journal: Nano Energy

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2025.111279

Open Access

Published Date: June, 2025

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: To accelerate commercialization of perovskite technology and its use in multiple application fields, several device processing strategies have been developed. These efforts primarily target scaling-up device fabrication for mass production and enhancing performance for different light sources (sun or indoor light). This work presents a novel 3D/2D perovskite heterostructure by depositing a mixed layer of phenethylammonium iodide (PEAI) and 1,8-diiodooctane (DIO) directly atop the 3D perovskite absorber without a further annealing step. The addition of DIO enables the formation of pure 2D PEA₂PbI₄ 4 (n = 1) at room temperature, leading to defect passivation of 3D perovskite surface, improvement in the crystallinity of 2D perovskite, and optimizing the dipole moment at perovskite/hole transport interface. Large-area PSC modules treated with PEAI:DIO achieve remarkable power conversion efficiencies of 17.7 % (32 cm²) and 15.6 % (121 cm²) under 1Sun irradiation. When exposed to indoor illumination with various LED intensities (200, 500 and 1000 lux) the PEAI:DIO engineered module demonstrated efficiency approaching 34 %, among the highest reported so far for large area modules employing perovskite with bandgap below 1.7 eV. Long-term stability tests following the ISOS-D-1 protocol reveal a threefold increase in T80 lifetime compared to untreated devices.

Authors: M. Stefanelli, M. P. U. Haris, L. Vesce, L. A. Castriotta, H. Nikbakht, F. Matteocci, S. Kazim, A. Triolo, S. Ahmad, A. Di Carlo

Journal: EES Solar

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1039/D5EL00032G

Open Access

Published Date: July, 2025

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Formamidinium lead iodide (FAPI) is the most prominent perovskite material utilized in the fabrication of single-junction perovskite solar cells. However, the cubic α-phase perovskite is difficult to retain in precursor solutions for extended periods due to thermodynamic instability, which promotes the formation of the yellow δ-phase. In this study, we demonstrate the fabrication of solar cells and modules from FAPI powders synthesised using a single-step method with a non-hazardous solvent and routine purity grade lead iodide. The pre-synthesised α-FAPI and CsFAPI powders demonstrated considerable potential for scalability and reproducibility. It was observed that similar efficiencies were achieved in small-area cells and mini-modules fabricated using an industrially adaptable blade coating process conducted in an open environment. The enhanced solution rheology and the meticulous control of stoichiometry result in an oriented and less strained crystal lattice, thereby demonstrating superior reproducibility and stability of the perovskite prepared from pre-synthesised powder in comparison to the one produced from high-purity precursor. The methodology developed offers a scalable and cost-effective approach to the production of high-performance and stable perovskite solar modules, with efficiencies reaching 18.5% on a 12.15 cm2 active area module and a T95 above 1200 h in shelf life stability at 30% RH in a UV-filtered environment.

Authors: Jorge Martins, Ana M. V. M. Pereira, Seyedali Emami, Carlos Manuel Silva, Dzmitry Ivanou, Adélio Mendes

Journal: Solar RRL

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1002/solr.202500310

Zenodo: https://zenodo.org/records/18219978

Published Date: June, 2025

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This study reports on the exceptional stability of cobalt-mediated dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) assembled in a monolithic configuration with a carbon counter electrode (CE). DSSCs using [Co(bpy)₃]^2+/3+redox mediators often face stability challenges due to light–induced interaction withtert-butylpyridine (TBP), an electrolyte additive. This leads to the loss of electrochemically active mediators and degradation of the photovoltaic performance. However, the monolithic DSSCs in this work demonstrate unprecedented stability under continuous light soaking for over 1000 h. The stability is attributed to the device architecture and the carbon CE, which mitigate critical degradation mechanisms. Additionally, its adsorption capacity and opacity reduce the amount of free TBP in the electrolyte, thereby suppressing harmful photoinduced [Co(bpy)₃]³⁺-TBP complexation and water-induced redox reactions. Despite high TBP concentrations (1.2 M), which typically accelerate degradation in conventional DSSCs, the monolithic devices maintained their performance due to electrolyte retention and reduced ion diffusion within the porous carbon layer. This study highlights the critical role of architecture in stabilizing cobalt-mediated DSSCs, paving the way for robust, long-term energy conversion applications.

Authors: Jeffrey Capitão, Telmo da Silva Lopes, Leonardo Rodrigues, Tânia Lopes, Paula Dias, Dzmitry Ivanou, Adélio Mendes

Journal: Journal of Power Sources

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2025.237788

Open Access

Published Date: July, 2025

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Photoelectrochemical cells, including dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) and water-splitting systems (PEC-WS), offer the significant advantage of directly converting solar energy into electricity and/or fuel. However, their commercial viability is limited by upscaling challenges, particularly due to the reliance on transparent conductive electrodes, which allow for effective visible light transmission and charge collection yet display ohmic losses arising from the electrical resistance across larger dimensions substrates. Identifying an alternative electrode material suitable across PEC technologies has been challenging due to manufacturing requirements and long-term photostability incompatibility.

Authors: L. A. Castriotta, E. Magliano, M. Stefanelli, S. H. Reddy, D. Takhellambam, M. Luce, D. B. Rodriguez, A. Cricenti, F. Di Giacomo, M. Cirillo, L. Vesce, A. Di Carlo

Journal: ACS Applied Energy Materials

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.5c02387

Open Access

Published Date: October, 2025

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract:Perovskite solar technology stands at a pivotal juncture, marked by remarkable efficiencies reaching up to 27.3%. However, these achievements remain confined to a handful of research institutions globally, primarily attributed to the inherent challenge of stabilizing the narrow bandgap structure of FAPbI3-based perovskite. This study delves into the exploration of various strategies to enhance the performance of FAPbI3-based perovskite. Specifically, it scrutinizes the impact of substrate selection, annealing processes, additive incorporation, and passivation strategies. Through systematic investigation and meticulous refinement of these key parameters, we were able to obtain optimized device performance with an integrated current density of 25.59 mA cm–2 and a power conversion efficiency up to 21.86%, starting from a reference device of 23.11 mA cm–2 and 18.23% values for integrated current density and device efficiency, respectively. This work endeavors to propel the broader adoption and practical realization of high-performance perovskite solar technologies, thereby contributing to the sustainable advancement of renewable energy solutions.

Authors:  R. Pau, D. Garcia Romero, M. Pitaro, L. Di Mario, Q. Feng, M. Saba, M. A. Loi

Journal:  J. Mater. Chem. A

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1039/D5TA06770G

Open Access

Published Date: November, 2025

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Mixed tin–lead (Sn–Pb) perovskites have received a lot of attention as active layers for both single-junction and tandem solar cells because of their optimal band gap. Generally, Sn–Pb perovskite solar cells are fabricated in a p–i–n structure using PEDOT:PSS as the hole transport layer (HTL), though its hygroscopic nature adversely affects the long-term stability of the perovskite layer. Here, we propose copper iodide (CuI), with high conductivity, wide bandgap, and optical transparency, as a low-cost and earth-abundant HTL candidate for Sn–Pb perovskite solar cells. Utilizing CuI as the HTL and an active layer composed of EACl_0.015Cs_0.25FA_0.75Sn_0.5Pb_0.5I₃passivated with sodium fluoride (NaF), we obtained a remarkable short circuit current of 32.85 mA cm⁻²with a champion power conversion efficiency of 20.1%, while control devices with PEDOT:PSS showed an efficiency of 19.03% and aJ_scvalue of 30.59 mA cm⁻². In addition, the implemented CuI layer improved the device stability when stored in N₂and under thermal stress conditions at 85 °C.